International Journal of Applied Science and Research

1Sani, A., 2Sanda, A.R., 3Musa, M.U., 1Hayatu, B.S, 1Lamido, A.K and Rabi’u, W.A

ABSTRACT:Heavy Metals (HMs) contaminated Industrial Effluents which are occasionally used as irrigation water, can be one of the major sources of qualitative irrigation water rich in nutrients when efficiently treated and reclaimed, and concomitantly augment the high water needs in agricultural irrigation from natural freshwater sources. The aim of this study is to assess if discharged metals contaminated effluents from different industries located in three phases in Sharada industrial area can improve water quality and be recycled for irrigation using Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), World Health Organisation (WHO), and other related international standards. Findings indicated that out of the analysed metals; Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn) and Cadmium (Cd), only Pb (0.054mg/l) and Zn (0.021mg/l) were above irrigation reuse limit all in phase I compared to other phases with high significant difference (P<0.05) observed between the former metal in the former phase than other phases while no significant difference (P>0.05) was recorded in the latter metal in all phases. Pertaining other water quality parameters; chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), and ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), results revealed that all the parameters were non-compliant to irrigation water quality standards of (0-146mg/l), (0- 30mg/l), and (0-5mg/l) respectively in all the locations. Moreover, the COD and NO3-N variables showed highly significant difference (P<0.05) in phase I compared to other phases while highly significant variation (P<0.05) was noted in phase II for the NH4-N parameter in comparison to phases I and III. Though pH complied with irrigation re-use permissible limit, it recorded a highly significant difference (P<0.05) in phase I if compared with other phases. Overall, the outcome of this research implies that the effluents could not be relied on as an effective potential source of irrigation water rich in nutrients as believed by some farmers that can increase soil fertility and crop quality. Resultantly, this study may give useful scientific rationalization for not using and applying the effluent as an irrigation amendment for agricultural food production unless necessary proactive measures are put in place to improve the effluent quality.

Keyword:water quality, soil quality, industrial effluent, irrigation, environment

1Ihom, Paul Aondona, 2Uko, Donatus Kaiso, and 1Eleghasim, Chigozie Okwudiri

ABSTRACT:The research work titled ‘’Benchmarking the Quality of 10mm Ribbed Reinforcement Steel Bar Produce in a Local Mini-Mill in Nigeria’’ has been carried out. 10 mm ribbed reinforcement steel samples were collected from a mini-mill in Lagos. The samples were subjected to tensile tests using a well-calibrated universal strength testing machine at Mudiame International Limited Port-Harcourt. Key parameters measured were the ultimate tensile strength, the yield strength, and the elongation at fracture. Some of the specimens from the samples were subjected to chemical analysis using Spectro-Lab Metal Analyzer, and the morphology of the samples was explored and studied using Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), which gave the elemental distribution in the steel bars in terms of weight concentrations with the highest spike indicating the most abundant element present in the sample. The chemical analysis result from Spectro-Lab Metal Analyzer showed that the mini-mill is not producing structural steel, but constructional steel with carbon content well above 0.3%C. The investigated 10 mm steel bar from Lagos revealed a carbon content of 0.391%, yield strength of 636 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength of 714 MPa, and elongation at fracture of 9.36%. When the result was benchmarked against international standards it was discovered that it is constructional steel and not structural steel for use in buildings. The ribbed steel bars however have chemical and mechanical properties close to St. 60-Mn; a high tensile concrete reinforcement steel bar once produced by former Delta Steel Company, Aladja-Delta State-Nigeria. St.60-Mn rebar steel was produced according to German steel quality standard specifications DIN488 and DIN17100 to also cover RST 37-2 grade for plain round bars and light sections. Standardization is the problem with reinforcement steel bars produced in Nigeria; the tested steel bar did not fit exactly into any of the benchmarked quality standards. Finally, for quality production of reinforcement steel bars in Nigeria; mini-mills should address issues of chemical composition, and proper adjustment of their rolling process. This will improve the ultimate tensile and yield strength, as well as the elongation at fracture of the steel bars, which is very critical in building collapse.

Keyword:Benchmarking; Local; Nigeria; Collapse buildings; 10 mm reinforcing steel bar.

Author: Carolyne Moraa Mageto Co-authors:Dr. Frida Nyiva (Ph.D.) and Dr. Michael Sitawa (Ph.D.)

ABSTRACT:The overall objective of this study was to examine the management of electronic waste and environmental sustainability in universities in Lang’ata constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya. The stated overall objective could be achieved through an investigation into; the different types of e-waste generated by Universities in Lang’ata; the current e-waste management mechanisms put in place by universities in Lang’ata; existing measures of collecting electronic wastes in Universities in Lang’ata constituency; and the disposal methods for handling e-waste in the universities in Lang’ata. The study was informed by the waste management theory developed by Pongrácz and the integrated solid waste management framework by UNEP. The study employed the use of descriptive study design, using both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. A sample size of 56 respondents was computed using the slovens sampling formula {n=N/(1+Ne^2)}. Questionnaires, interviews, and observation were used in data collection. The study found out that the e-waste identification methods that were practiced by universities in Lang’ata included tracking hazardous levels of e-wastes, considering e-waste material recyclability, tracking consumption of electronics, and categorization of what was e-waste and what was not. Some of the e-waste produced by the institutions included obsolete cartridges, computers, mobile phones, telephone, radio, cables; uninterruptable power supplies (UPSs), power extension cables, and keyboards among others. Management of ewastes entailed buying less and durable electronics, use of cloud storage and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), recycling, re-use, leasing for a certain period of time instead of purchasing and keeping inventory of all electronics given out to various offices. E-waste collection entailed having a common collection point for e-waste, collection banks, collection footprints and legislation on e-waste collection in various universities. The e-waste disposal strategies identified included recycling, landfilling, Adapt and Re-use method, dismantling and scrap method, use of public dumpsites, burning of e-waste, selling them as second hand at a cheaper price and giving them out as gifts to charitable agencies. The study recommended clear categorization of e-wastes; NEMA recommendations on what electronics were to be acquired by universities; clear records of varieties of e-waste generated; establishment of environmental commissions in universities; subsidized procurement of electronic devices; a common e-waste collection point in universities; assessment of e-waste collected; collaborative action by both the government and NGO sector; seminars and workshops on E-waste management; Environmental conservation and sustainability was to be introduced as a common course in universities. The study recommended further research on the challenges that confront universities in their effort to manage e-wastes; and the effectiveness of e-waste management strategies employed by universities in Kenya.

Keyword:Electronic Equipment, E-waste (Electronic Waste), E-waste identification, E-waste Management, Ewaste collection, E-waste Disposal, and E-waste Footprint

Robert Machyo, Dr. John Muhenda and Dr. Simon Njuguna Waitherero

ABSTRACT:Participation in civil disobedience is common the whole world over. It occurs when people perceive that they are being disenfranchised or mistreated by those in positions of authority. We see civil disobedience as a moral problem that requires analysis using ethical theory. This paper is an attempt at justification or prohibition of the practice using John Dewey’s ethical thought.

Keyword:Civil Disobedience, Disobedient, Ethics, Moral, Ethical Theory

Dr. Amira M. Wasfy

ABSTRACT:The vice of jealousy is one of the lethal ailments of ethics that can be destructive to its beholder in both his life and the after-life. In the Ever-Glorious Quran, feelings of jealousy and its consequences are addressed numerous times. However, the most serious and despised example of jealousy which the Quran alludes is that of which occurred between Prophet Adam's sons Qabil and Habil and that between Prophet Yusuf and his brothers. The first one resulted to committing the first and most brutal murder of humankind on the earth, and the second resulted in throwing Prophet Yusuf into the well by his elder brothers. These two stories that were mentioned in the Ever-Glorious Qur'an were narrated by the Egyptian writer and journalist Ahmad Bahgat in his short stories book entitled Animals in the Glorious Qur’an. However, it was narrated from a different perspective; that of an animalrelated to the prophet; the crow and the wolf respectively. Ahmad Bahgat narrates the two stories of Prophet Adam and Prophet Yusuf in the first person omniscient narrator of an animal. Animals who were involved and interacted in the prophets' lives, and who witnessed their dreadful acts and both stories tackle the theme of jealousy. However, the first story tackles the themes of jealousy and crime. In addition, it deals with an important task that man cannot ignore; it teaches him how to bury a corpse; whereas, the second story tackles only the theme of jealousy and discrimination. The two famous stories here show us that jealousy is one of the most malicious and cruel characteristics in a human being that could cause disasters, not only to the victim but also to the vicious jealous person himself. It has a lot of malevolent consequences as it distorts relationships among siblings, friends, and relatives.

Keyword:Discrimination, Habil, Jealousy, Qabil

Author 1: Robert Bellamino Machyo, Author 2: Dr. John Muhend, Author 3: Dr. Simon Njuguna Waitherero

ABSTRACT:The paper is a critical assessment of the practice of non-violent civil disobedience as advocated by MLK, with the aim of determining if it can be applied today both as a theory and tactic. We were able to establish that the theory and tactic have both worked and failed in equal measure. We cited some examples from the Americas and Kenya. It is still however more preferable to protest non-violently instead of destroying lives and property.

Keyword:Civil Disobedience, dissent, radical love, nonviolence, Montgomery. Boycott; Black Lives Matter Movement

Felix Amoah, Ph.D.

ABSTRACT:A branch of the human family was about to get settled in present day South Africa before the arrival of Europeans. By the end of the nineteenth century, the languages spoken by dark-skinned Africans south of a line from northern Cameroun to southern Somalia (which were closely related grammatically), had come to be thought of as members of a single family which was called “Bantu”, “ntu” being the common root for “man” and “ba” being a usual plural prefix for the class of nouns denoting persons. According to J.D. Fage (In: A History of Africa, 1978) the best known of the early southern Bantu kingdoms are those in the area of modern Rhodesia. He proves this by saying that more work has probably been done in this area than elsewhere on the surviving oral traditions, which seem to reach back to about 1400. Hence, this area of central Africa was most explored by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century because of its gold; also it was here and southwards into the Transvaal that the early Bantu Kingdoms built in stone, thus giving rise to durable and often very impressive ruins that have fascinated explorers and archeologists for more than a century. More broadly though, George McCall Theal brings to light in his book (“History of the Boers”, 1969), that European writers today usually term the Bantu people to be the section of the human race that occupied the whole of Central and South-Eastern Africa. Furthermore, Theal defines the word “Bantu” as people with the dialects spoken along the coasts of the Cape Colony and Natal. Again, J.D. OmerCooper mentions in “The Growth of African civilization - The Making of Modern Africa”, that the largest proportion of the peoples of Southern and Central Africa was Bantu-speaking people since the beginning of the fifteenth century as at present. He claims, also, that the Bantu-speaking group in this area had been established as far south as modern Rhodesia as early as AD 200 and had probably begun to enter the area south of the Limpopo River as early as the twelfth or thirteenth century. However, the question of settlement in South Africa was not certain until the late nineteenth century. As a result, the Bantu were known to have advanced furthest on the east coast. For this reason, by the eighteenth century, they had already arrived at the Fish River, where they began to settle in the land between it and the Sundays River called the Zuurveld. This was the area where they first came into contact with white settlers who were advancing from the Cape. In the central part of South Africa, the Bantu were at the north of the Orange River around the nineteenth century and in South-West Africa, they were confined only to the area north of modern Windhoek.

Keyword:Bantu, Religion, the Gaza, Matabeleland, Matashonaland.

P.KUMARAN, M.L., .P.hD

ABSTRACT:The aim of this paper is to conceptually analysis the condition of the Migrant workers in the present scenario. Now India is facing an unprecedented crisis .in this situation the priority should be given to save a life .So there is no choice but to take extraordinary measures. This exceptional situation restricts freedom of movement and freedom to enjoy many other human rights. This reasonable restriction adversely affected people’s right to life, health care and security, education, right to work, etc,.In the current scenario human rights principles make sure that the State having the responsibility to take active measures to preserve and protect the human rights of the vulnerable’s and the weaker section of the society. There are so many labor welfare legislations in India but migrant workers have to face the new challenges like it becomes very difficult for migrants to return home. States are not prepared for the huge outflow of migrants and unexpected interstate travel. States are under the pressure of allowing the migrants who want to return home. and the states have to face struggle to maintain official statistics as many returnees cross through unofficial boarder ways. Official statistical data is necessary for the sack of identifying the returnees and make sure to them the public hygiene measures. The final findings of this paper are that the vulnerable workers are in an emergency need to be attained and the State and the judiciary are in the status to concentrate and focus their attention on this marginalized’s human dignity.

Keyword:Migrant labourers, Social justice, Human rights, ILO, Human dignity.

*ONEMAYIN Kolawole Joseph, OMOSIGHO Donatus, and RAJI Yakubu Muhammed

ABSTRACT:Education is one of the main instruments in developing human resources. It is thus not surprising that education and skill development training are accorded high priority.It is of critical importance that factors that influence students’ choices of institutions are investigated to enable effective planning of studies. The study employed a design structured questionnaire for data collection. A simple random sampling procedure was used to select a sample of 600 participants across the institutions. The result reveals that for every one-unit increase in economic factors, the odds of not changing institution increases by 0.608 times. For every one-unit increase in motivation factors, the odds of not changing institution increases by 1.313times while for every one unit increase in parental factors, the odds of not changing institution increase by 6.954 times. It is observed that both economic and parental factors are significant in the choice of the institution by students.

Keyword:influencing factors, institutional characteristics, logistic regression, undergraduate students, significantly.

*G. G. Nyam, **N.E.J. Omaghali and *F.O. Adeyemi

ABSTRACT:The existing theories of the diffusion equation are based upon the Euclidian Theoretical Physics. In this paper we derive the diffusion equation based upon the Riemann’s Theoretical Physics.

Keyword:Riemann’s Theoretical Physics, Euclidean Theoretical Physics, Riemann’s Laplacian

Loku Pathiranage Himali (PhD Candidate)

ABSTRACT:Loan Default is the failure of an applicant to fulfill his/her obligation with respect to the repayment of loans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of personal loan default and performance of the proportional hazards model with that of a random survival forests models. Primary data collected through questionnaires from 1500 customers who take the personal loan from a major Sri Lankan financial institution. The binary logistic regression model, the proportional hazards model, and random survival forest models were used as major analytical tools. The study found that customer-related factors highly affected the personal loan default such as occupation, monthly income, and purpose of the loan. The Random Survival Forest model considered monthly Income, occupation, the purpose of the loan, and the amount of loans is important. The Cox Proportional Hazard model additionally considered other liabilities and frequency paid as important. There is a need for the government to reduce the strains to the general economy in order not only to facilitate economic growth but also to enhance the minimization of the customer-related factors that precipitate loan default.

Keyword:Binary logistic regression model, Cox Proportional Hazard model, Loan Default, Random Survival Forest model

Paul Phooko, Zeleke Worku and Mammo Muchie

ABSTRACT:This research study aims to explore the impact of leadership and safety culture in South Africa’s aviation industry in the Gauteng Province. The study is premised on the underlying assumption that the current existing ethical leadership and safety culture has a huge impact on the aviation industry’s safety performance. Ethical leadership and safety culture in aviation are the important factors upon which a civil aviation regulator such as the South African Civil Aviation Authority (SACAA) can get assurance that there is total compliance of regulations by aircraft maintenance organisations (AMOs) to avoid accidents and incidents in aviation. If one looks at the ICAO Safety Audit Results: Universal Safety Operational Audit Plan (USOAP) interactive viewer (2017), it is revealed that none of the African countries are rated in the top 30 aviation industry in the world. These results raise the issue of ethical conduct, safety culture, training, licensing, oversight, and legislation. It is against this backdrop that this study is being conducted. The results of the study revealed that the Gauteng aviation industry prioritises ethical leadership from which a safety culture is inculcated across the company, thereby committing safety maintenance personnel and the company as a whole to prioritise safety and maintenance over making money and profits. The results further revealed the existence of a safety climate across the company and positive organisational safety performance.All hypothesis of the study where proven to be positive. The hypothesised model was revealed to be a perfect fit confirming significant relationship and influence between ethical leadership, safety culture, aircraft maintenance engineers and organisational safety performance.

Keyword:Ethical Leadership, Safety Culture, Aviation Industry, Aircraft Maintenance Engineer, Aircraft Maintenance Organisation, Safety Climate. Safety Management System (SMS).

Azme bin Khamis, Nur Azreen binti Abdul Razak & Mohd Asrul Affendi bin Abdullah,

ABSTRACT:This study presents a comparative study on univariate time series via the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model and multivariate time series via Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model in forecasting economic growth in Malaysia. This study used monthly economic indicators price from January 1998 to January 2016. The aim is to evaluate a VAR and ARIMA model to forecast economic growth and to suggest the best time series model from an existing model for forecasting economic growth in Malaysia. The forecast performances of these models were evaluated based on an out-of-sample forecast procedure using an error measure, Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The results revealed that the VAR model outperform ARIMA model in term of forecasting accuracy.

Keyword:univariate, multivariate, ARIMA, VAR, growth, accuracy, forecast

Pu Shixian1#, Jiang Jiaojiao1#, Wang Jingran1 , Zhang Ning2, Li Xiaoling3, Lin Ruiming4, Zhang Xiaoxiao5, Li Chengyun1 , Liu Lin1,2*

ABSTRACT:Berberis is the alternate host of wheat stripe rust and wheat stem rust. It plays an important role in the variation, occurrence, and prevalence of wheat stripe rust and wheat stem rust. Berberis is widely distributed in Yunnan Province. In this study, 230 samples of rust on Berberis collected from different regions of Yunnan Province in 2017 were analyzed by combining molecular markers with morphological observation. The results showed that the rust of Berberis in Yunnan Province can be divided into five groups, namely, wheat stripe rust, 97% of the rust with the similarity to the stem rust of bluegrass in a dry land, 96% to 98% of the rust with the similarity to the stem rust, 93% to 94% of the rust with the similarity to the stem rust of wheat and 93% to 94% of the rust with the similarity to the stem rust of wheat. There is genetic differentiation among rust fungi of the same group. There are great differences in the depth of rust organ invasion into the host leaf, the ratio of the depth of invasion into the host leaf to the thickness of the leaf, and the size of rust spore. According to the morphological characteristics of rust organ and rust spore, different rust fungus groups on Berberis can be distinguished.

Keyword:Berberis; rust fungus; rust organ; rust spore; identification

Paul Phooko, Zeleke Worku and Mammo Muchie

ABSTRACT:Performance management is recognised as a critical component of every successful organisation towards the delivery of superior organisational performance. The Performance Management System (PMS) has been introduced in the South African public service and State-Owned entities with the intention of performance evaluation, performance review, and performance assessment, training and development of the underperformers, and recognition and rewarding of good performance. This study was undertaken as an attempt to investigate whether performance management in the South African Aviation Industry, specifically Aircraft Maintenance Organisations (AMOs) of Gauteng Province has any contribution to the improvement of overall organisational performance to ensure safer skies. For the exploration of performance management impact, this research adopted a quantitative approach. The target population for this study consisted of 142 employees across various AMOs across Gauteng Province, from which a study sample of 85 individuals was drawn. A questionnaire was used to collect the data for the research which was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study revealed suboptimal performance within the AMOs across Gauteng Province as well as an inadequate performance management system within the organisation. The results of the regression analysis on the data collected revealed that the AMOs’ performance management system has a positive and significant impact on the overall Industrial performance. Performance reward and recognition within various AMOs was observed to have the greatest impact on the organisation’s performance. Hence, improvements in the performance management system, particularly with regard to performance reward and recognition, would result in an improvement in the performance of the Aviation Industry. Based on these study findings, recommendations were made to the Aviation Industry of Gauteng Province: The recommendations focus mostly on improvements in the ‘reward and recognition of performance’ aspect of AMOs performance management system. The performance objectives of the organisation should be set with the contribution of the employee and they should be mutually agreed up between employees and the employer. Resources should be allocated towards improving the ability of various AOMs to conduct better performance appraisals hence; there should be the provision of adequate training and coaching of performance evaluators as well as the rest of the employees, and if they are taken into consideration and implemented they will likely improve the performance of the AMOs across Gauteng Province.

Keyword:Performance Management, Aircraft Maintenace Organization, Aircraft Maintenance Engineer.